The formal codification of ethical
guidelines for the conduct of research involving humans began in the late 1940's. |
| In 1946, 23 Nazi physicians went on trial at Nuremburg because of
research atrocities performed on prisoners of war. |
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| Subsequently, in 1947, the Nazi War Crimes Tribunal issued
the Nuremburg Code, which was the first internationally
recognized code of research ethics. |
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