• Types of listening:

• passive (music isnÕt supposed to keep your direct attention)
• sensuous or emotional (paying closer attention than in passive, but only for impact on emotionals
• perceptive: especially useful for unfamiliar (e.g. non-western) music:requires most effort because is analytical; provides objective basis for experiencing art
• Ethnomusicology is a subdivision of musicology, Òthe scholarly study of musicÓ
• musicology and ethno use other music skills, esp theory; also general history, other social sciences
• TitonÕs Music Culture Model: a model for studying ethno, understanding musical performances
• TitonÕs center is Affect, or musicÕs power to move, its emotional impact
• Music Customs: how the community responds to music performance based on standard practices,
• Community defines ÒrulesÓ for music culture
• Rules are perpetuated, perhaps changed gradually over time
• What is Music? ÒStandardÓ definition, at least in West: Òthat one among artistic disciplines whose material consists of tone;Ó other standard criteria: music is made of tones, has emotional impact (affect), and is an art (something people do) as well as a science (something people think about in a systematic, disciplined way)
• classifying instruments: system devised by Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs; founders of organology (study of musical insts). 4 categories:
• 1) idiophones: whole instrument is vibrating; usually struck with a beater or another part of itself, ex. Cymbals; triangle, marimba 2) membranophones: have a membrane (hide) streched over a cavity; membrane vibrates. ex. snare, tympani 3) chordophones have vibrating string, plucked or rubbed (bowed); have resonating cavity, 4) aerophones have vibrating air column inside inst.
• Voice, electronophones not included in their catagories
• Elements of Music: a way to approach listening to music. Discussed:
• Melody and melodic materials like scales and modes
• Timbre, tone quality and how this differs widely in other cultures
• Texture: how many lines of music, and how related are they?
• monophony: single line of melody, unharmonized, e.g. Greg Chant
• heterophony: single line but 2 or more different versions simultaneously (e.g. different articulations or a simple form and a more ornamented) Often a NON-WESTERN texture; seldom found in western music.
• polyphony: 2 or more independent lines going at once
• homophony: 2 kinds: melody with sustained accomp or chordal texture
• Rhythm and Meter
• Beat is regular pulse
• Meter is organization of beats in recurring groups
• Asymetrical meter, e.g. TAKE FIVE
• Cross-Rhythm: two meters used at same time, e.g. 3/4, 6/8. hemiola is specifically 2 against 3
• Polymeter: frequent shifts of meter (can also mean simultaneous use of different meters)
• lots of non-western examples of polymeter; patterns repeat over different time intervals
• Structure: how music is organized; patterns of repetition and variation.
• simple repetition, e.g. strophic: several verses with same music
• Staggered repetition: Canon: same music is sung, but groups donÕt start together (a type of polyphony but also structural)
• Other structures involve Statement - Departure - Restatement e.g. ABA; most other formal schemes are variation on this idea

Native American Music: over 200 different tribes in this country; more in Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Central and South America. We can generalize some trends:

• Music plays major role in this society; connected to environment (dances honoring animals, spirits)
• Primarily vocal music: voice is used in most music
• Instruments: lots of membranophones, idiophones, some aerophones, few chordophones
• Textures mostly single melodic lines, often sung solo; singing in call and response; percussion accomp, often just one kind of instrument
• Melodies have limited pitch range, disjunct motion
• Harmony is very rare
• Texts in Native American music: some songs have translatable texts, others use non-lexical syllables: Vocables - NOT NONSENSE!!
• pathogenic (arising from emotions) rather than logogenic (arising from logic); in part the syllables are used due to that aural effect, the sound they create
• Texture/strutcure: call and response; pretty common among Eastern tribes, not common in West
• vocal quality: no falsetto: usually not used in East, usually is used in West; also pulsations mostly only at the end of phrases rather than throughout song as in West
• Case Study: Navajo Music
• Nightway ceremony; takes 9 days and nights, a healing ceremony
• In Yeibichi song (part of Nightway), dancers impersonate grandfathers of the gods, who are visiting to help heal someone who is sick. All Yeibichai songs contain a special phrase which is a call to the gods
• other components of Nightway: sweating and purging; prayers, sandpainting rituals; very complex ceremony
• Enemyway Ceremony: Also a healing ritual, for people who have been afflicted with spirits of outsiders (non-Navajos)
• Shootingway: this is re-enactment of Navajo creation story
• Holy Young Man goes in search of supernatural power, encounters many different people: Snake People, Buffalo People, etc. Ceremony re-enacts his adventures; performing parts of the story restores harmony between the Navajos and various people
• Native American Church: newer name for Peyote Religion
• emphasizes individual worship through prayer, good health, living good life, intertribal brotherhood
• basis of religion is Peyote Ritual
• consists of prayers and fellowship, eating of peyote as a sacrament
• Father Peyote is one of the deities of Native American Church
• eating peyote produces sense of well-being, sometimes visions or hallucinations which support the objectives of the religion
• Most tribes have peyote songs; a form of prayer; usually accompanied by rattles and water drum

African Music:

• General History: Europeans established colonies in 19th century
• 1884-5 Berlin Conference carved up map of Africa to suit European needs
• After WWII colonialism challenged; more African regions became independent nations
• Music
• in Desert coutries, tends to be like Middle East and Orient because of proximity
• in South Africa, more related to European music because of colony influence
• Sub-Saharan Africa has largest body of music relatively uninfluenced by outside
• West Africa has wide variety of music: traditional (consistent with historical practices of the local culture), popular music, mixes traditional and Euro/American influences, Western Art music, (by African-born composers), and church music, brought by European or American missionaries
• Generalizations about West African music:
• performed for a specific function, not performed outside its special context. E.g. work songs only sung for a certain kind of work
• huge variety of instruments: all categories are used
• rhythm is very rich and complex compared to Western music
• music traditions and concepts usually learned by oral transmission
• Griots (or Jalis): West African musicians who sing stories and history. Griots are also historians. Africans place high importance on their civilization, so Griots are important, moreso than most other musicians. Griots often employed by royal households as court musicians
• Kora is instrument frequently used by griots: a harp-lute
• Praise Singing: sing about your employer, make him look better than reality. Praise singers make up better songs for more $$. Use praise names or appellations: refer to incidents or geneological details. e.g.. First president of Ghana used praise singers to rise to power
• Making of instruments: each instrument has its own spirit or soul, not just inanimate object; example: slit drum: hollow log with slit on used for communication
• they have spirits, given proper names: maybe a proverb
• Other examples:
• Kete ensemble from Ghana, close to coast. Kete ensemble would be owned by king of Ashante or one of the top chiefs
• music to work by: listen to postal workers in Ghana cancelling stamps
• Popular music: some popular genres mix traditional music with western popular or rock and roll trends; especially in Nigeria, where you find Juju and Highlife. Details on video ML 3503 .N5 K65