Secular Music of the Middle Ages, continued

• Germany: from Mid-12th Century, troubadour songs were model for the Minnelied, songs of courtly love, or nature, or inspired by Crusades.
• poems had set format: Bar Form: consists of 2 stanzas (Stollen) and a conclusion (Abgesang)
• Famous Minnesinger was Walther von der Vogelweide, his best known song was "Crusader Song"
• In late 13th Century, Minnesingers declined, tradition taken over by Meistersingers (14th to 16th Centuries)

Early Polyphony: often found in Troped texts

• Some sources:
• Musica Enchiriadis (ca.900) ("Handbook of Music") and Scolica Enchiriadis (companion volume): these sources are mostly about monophony, but also discuss Organum
• Types of Organum:
• "Strict:" Gregorian melodies sung by one voice (Vox Principalis) while another voice (Vox Organalis) duplicates melody at an interval (4th or 5th below)
• Parallel: in practice, voices usually started together, Principalis followed melody, Organalis stayed on starting note until they were 4th or 5th apart; at end of phrase, they came together again.
• Free Organum: Documented in the Micrologus (11th century, "short account") by Guido d'Arrezzo. Organalis isn't necessarily parallel to Principalis; can run in oblique or contrary motion, cross voices; not necessarily note against note.