The Global Positioning System (GPS)The Global Positioning System consists
of three parts: 1) Earth orbiting satellites, 2) control and
monitoring stations across the Earth, and 3) GPS receivers owned by
individuals. A set of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth every 12
hours broadcasting their position and time. A ground-based receiver
listens to the signals from four or more satellites, comparing the
time transmissions of each with its own clock.
Figure EG.20 The constellation of GPS satellites (Courtesy USGS) Differential GPS uses a base station of an exact known location and a mobile unit to determine position. GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent by a satellite and the time it is received by a GPS receiver. The base station calculates its position from satellite signals and compares this location to the known location. The base station broadcasts the range errors they're seeing from GPS satellites to the remote receiver. The mobile receiver uses these correction messages, correlated with the satellite signals its receiving, to determine position. Differential GPS yield accurate results to between 10 and 2 meters
GPS is being employed in a variety of ways. GPS is widely used for ground, air, and sea navigation. It is used to produce highly accurate maps and record land deformation caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. |
Given
that signal travels at a known rate of speed, the receiver can
calculate the distance between the satellite and receiver. Combining
the position of the satellite at the time of transmission with the
distance, the receiver is able to determine its location to within
20 m (66 ft) horizontally and 30 m (98 ft) vertically. This level of
precision is obviously not suited for applications like air or
marine navigation. 
Figure EG.21 GPS ground receiver on the flank of Augustine Volcano
(Cook Inlet, Alaska)