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FOLDED & FAULTED LANDFORMS

A. INTRODUCTION

• Convergent plate boundaries: folding

• Convergent, divergent and transform boundaries: faulting

• Constructive processes

• Driving framework

B. FOLDED LANDFORMS 

Image credit: R. Schukar (used with permission)

C. FAULTED LANDFORMS

Transform Fault
Normal fault	Reverse fault

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D. EARTHQUAKE! 

Largest earthquakes in the lower 48 states

Image credit: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/10_largest_us_maps.php#us

World Seismicity

Image credit: USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, World Seismicity Maps. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/seismicity/index.php

Seismic Waves    

Destructive Force

• Depth

  • focus

  • epicenter

• Magnitude

• Physical nature of earth material

• Secondary effects

  
  Image credit: USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology. Tsunamis and Earthquakes. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatraEQ/tectonic.html

E. SUMMARY

• Driving force of plate tectonics builds up the landscape through:

  • folding

  • faulting

• Anticlinal and synclinal folds - convergent boundaries (subduction zones and continental collisions)

• Transform faults - transform boundaries

• Normal faults - divergent boundaries (rift zones)

• Reverse faults - convergent boundaries (subduction zones and continental collisions)

• Earthquakes