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Sanitation Cut - a management technique in which diseased or old trees are harvested. Sapwood - light-colored wood through which water and dissolved nutrients flow through the tree. Savanna - an ecological community that is dominated by scattered trees and large areas of grasses and other forbs. Sawtimber - live tree of commercial species that has at least one 12' section or two 8' sections useable for timber production. Scaler - (historical term) the person who measures each log and estimates how much wood is there. Scaly - conifer needles that are flat and overlapping, like fish scales. Scat - the scientific term for animal feces. Secondary Consumer - a consumer that gets its energy from other consumers. These are often called carnivores. Section - an area of land that is one mile by one mile and consists of 640 acres. Seed - embryonic tree or plant. Seed Dispersal - the method by which a plant scatters its offspring away from the parent plant to reduce competition. Methods include: wind, insects, animals, tension, and water. Seed Tree - a management technique in which most of the trees in an area are harvested, but a few trees are left to provide a seed source. Seedling - a small tree grown from a seed. Selection Cut - management technique in which specific trees in an area are chosen and cut. Serotinous - a pinecone or other seed case that requires heat from a fire to open and release the seed. Shade Intolerant - describes a plants ability to compete for survival under direct sunlight conditions. Shade Tolerant - describes a plants ability to compete for survival under shaded conditions. Shelterwood - a management technique in which some trees are left during harvest to encourage trees that need partial shade to regenerate. Shoot - above ground portion of a plant. Shrub Layer - layer of the forest understory containing woody plants with multiple stems. Silviculture - manipulation of forest vegetation to accomplish a specified set of objectives. It controls forest establishment, composition, and growth. Simple Leaf - a type of leaf that has one blade attached to a twig by a stem. Sinuses - a tree identification term referring to the spaces in between lobes on a leaf. Skidder - (historical term) the person who drags the logs out of the forest and loads them onto sleighs. Sky Bird - (historical term) the person who stands on top of the logs on the sleigh and arranges them into a pile. Slash - branches, leaves, and twigs left after cutting down a tree. Social Value - the worth of a forest to people (e.g., aesthetics, culture, education, and recreation). Softwood - a term used to describe wood obtained from a conifer or needle-bearing tree. Soil - the surface layer of the earths crust consisting of particles of different sizes and originating from a variety of solids liquids, and gases. Soil Chemistry - chemical properties of soil include mineral solubility, nutrient availability, soil reaction (pH), cation exchange, and buffering action. Soil Composition - the percent of mineral particles present in the soil (percent sand, silt, loam, and/or clay). Soil Fertility - the amount of organic matter or humus present in the soil. Soil Moisture - the ability of a soil to hold water. Soil moisture impacts the distribution and growth of vegetation, soil aeration, soil microbial activity, soil erosion, the concentration of toxic substances, the movement of nutrients to in the soil to the roots. Soil Structure - arrangement of soil particles into units called peds. Peds are characterized by shape (blocky, columnar, granules). Soil Texture - measurement of the proportion of mineral particles of different sizes that are found in the same sample of soil (sand, silt, clay). Soil Type - a way to classify soils, such as sandy, loam, or clay. Soundness - in good condition (i.e., free from injury, damage, defect, disease, etc.). Species - a population of individuals with similar characteristics that only interbreed among themselves. Species Diversity - variety of species present in a given area. Sprouting - a form of asexual reproduction in which all the trees are cut and new forest growth is generated from the stumps of the harvested trees; also known as the coppice method. Stand - a group of trees in a given area. Stem - the part of a tree that connects the crown to the roots. Steward - a person who takes responsibility to make decisions and take actions today that will allow resources to be maintained in a healthy manner. Stomate - opening in the surface of a leaf through which water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass. Structural Diversity - the variety in the physical organization of a forest. It has both vertical and horizontal components. Structure - the horizontal and vertical distribution of layers in a forest, including height, diameter, and species present. Stumpage - value of standing trees for forest products. Succession - the gradual change of an area from one community to another over time. Can be due to natural or human caused disturbance. Suppressed - trees with crowns completely overtopped by surrounding trees so that they receive almost no direct sunlight. Sustainability - the ability of natural resources to provide ecological, economic, and social benefits for present and future generations. Sustainable Management - maintenance of forests to meet current and future ecological, economic, and social needs. Swamper - (historical term) the person who cut the branches off the tree after it had been cut down. Symbiotic - a type of relationship where all
organisms benefit from that relationship, or are not harmed by the
relationship. |