James Joule (1818 - 1889) England
Demonstrated that heat and work are both forms of energy. Father owned a brewery. Entered Cambridge at age 16 and studied under Dalton. Wanted electric motors to replace steam engines. In 1850 did the famous "paddle wheel" experiment. 772 pounds moving a distance of one foot raised the temperature of one pound of water by 1^oF. In 1852, he and William Thomson discovered that gases cool when rapidly expanded.